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From 1861 onward, the Confederate government struggled to find the guns, food, and supplies needed to field an army. Any account of the war must consider the tangled web of politics, battles, and economics that occurred between 1861 and 1865. 15, in which land in Georgia and South Carolina was to be set aside as a homestead for the freedpeople. Arguably the most important addition to the Constitution other than the Bill of Rights, the amendment constituted a profound change in federal-state relations. By the end of Reconstruction in 1877, more than two thousand African American men had served in offices ranging from local levee commissioner to U.S. senator.12 When the end of Reconstruction returned white Democrats to power in the South, all but a few African American officeholders lost their positions. They used poll taxes and literacy tests to prevent African Americans from voting, and passed Jim Crow laws that prevented African Americans from using facilities that whites used. WebExplain that African Americans in the South faced a variety of problems at the end of Reconstruction. Shortly thereafter, Congress approved the Fourteenth Amendment, which put the principle of birthright citizenship into the Constitution and forbade states to deprive any citizen of the equal protection of the laws. decision in Dred Scott declared that no African Americans WebReconstruction, 186577 Reconstruction under Abraham Lincoln United States after 1861 The original Northern objective in the Civil War was the preservation of the Uniona war aim with which virtually everybody in the free states agreed. century, permitting many laws that discriminated on the basis of race. The Klans reputation became so potent, and its violence so widespread, that many groups not formally associated with it were called Ku Kluxers, and to Ku Klux meant to commit vigilante violence. Frank Bellew, Visit of the Ku-Klux,1872.Wikimedia. African Americans served at every level of government during Reconstruction. Moreover, during the war, southern white women had been called on to do traditional mens work, chopping wood and managing businesses. As the war dragged on, inflation also hit the North. Susan B. Anthony was one of them and was arrested but then acquitted in trial. Her name can be seen at the top of this petition to extend suffrage to all regardless of sex, which was present to Congress on January 29, 1866. Yet they soon realized that their allies were distancing themselves from womens suffrage in order to advance Black enfranchisement. Other times, as with the beating of Republican sheriff and tax collector Allen Huggins, the Klan targeted white politicians who supported freedpeoples civil rights. That's a great question Richy. But there were limits to this new broader By the end of Reconstruction, the desire for self-definition, economic independence, and racial pride coalesced in the founding of dozens of Black towns across the South. US Army general William Tecumseh Sherman redistributed Confederate territory on the coasts of Georgia These problems became acute as federal regulation of Southern state governments ended and remaining federal troops were withdrawn from the South. Many of these independent churches were quickly organized into regional, state, and even national associations, often by brigades of free Black northerners and midwesterners who went to the South to help the freedmen. Groups of nightriders operated under cover of darkness and wore disguises to curtail Black political involvement. But the war did prove beneficial to wealthy northern farmers who could afford new technologies. You are ready to say they did and we will not argue the point with you. What comes into your mind? But economically, sharecropping After all, it is much easier to hate people whom you do not interact with. For instance, Reconstruction could have simply followed the law of conquest, which is to say that the federal government, having triumphed by brute force, was free to impose any settlement on the South it liked, from mass executions to ethnic cleansing. With the Compromise of 1877, military intervention in Southern politics ceased and Republican control collapsed in the last three state governments in the South. Scandals sapped trust in the Grant Administration. During the Panic of 1873, workers began demanding that the federal government help alleviate the strain on Americans. Why was the Compromise of 1877 considered a setback for Civil Rights? Corrections? The Confederate surrender at Appomattox Court House and the subsequent adoption by the U.S. Congress of the Thirteenth Amendment destroyed the institution of American slavery and threw southern society into disarray. With the Compromise of 1877, army intervention in the South ceased and Republican control collapsed in the last three state governments in the South. Well, after the amendments, African Americans were free Congress raised tariffs and passed the first national income tax in 1862. A notion of white supremacy and Black inferiority undergirded it all. The foundation of southern society had been shaken, but southern whites used Black Codes and racial terrorism to reassert control over formerly enslaved people. The acts also deemed violent Klan behavior as acts of rebellion against the United States and allowed for the use of U.S. troops to protect freedpeople. What happened when Reconstruction ended quizlet? Would they be conquered territories or equal states? Compromise of 1877: The End of Reconstruction Within two months, however, Hayes had ordered federal troops from their posts guarding Louisiana and South Carolina statehouses, allowing Democrats to seize control in both those states. The economic turmoil enabled the Democrats to take control of the House of Representatives after the 1874 elections, blunting the legislatures capacity to any longer direct Reconstruction. What happened at the end of Reconstruction quizlet? Sixteen African Americans served in Congress during Reconstructionincluding Hiram Revels and Blanche K. Bruce in the U.S. Senatemore than 600 in state legislatures, and hundreds more in local offices from sheriff to justice of the peace scattered across the South. It does not store any personal data. This "separate but equal" rule was in effect until the 1950s. era, the 13th Amendment, which ended the system of slavery in 1865, the 14th Amendment, which The top left showsa riot in Memphis and at the top ariot in New Orleans. From the beginning of Reconstruction, Black conventions and newspapers throughout the South had called for the extension of full civil and political rights to African Americans. He had been arrested for sitting in a coach marked "for whites only." Racial violence, whether city riots or rural vigilantes, continued to threaten these vulnerable households. to institute slavery by another name, led Congress What grade do you start looking at colleges? White people were understood as fit for freedom and citizenship, Black people for chattel slave labor. Meanwhile, Rutherford B. Hayes, a Republican, won a landslide victory in the Ohio gubernatorial election without mentioning Reconstruction, focusing instead on fighting corruption and alcohol abuse and promoting economic recovery. In every state, African Americans formed the overwhelming majority of Southern Republican voters. Reconstruction ended when northerners abandoned the cause of the formerly enslaved and Democrats recaptured southern politics. His successor Andrew Johnson initiated what was called Presidential So how much did their Why was it hard for sharecroppers to escape the debt cycle? Meanwhile, New Departure Democratswho focused on business, economics, political corruption, and tradegained strength by distancing themselves from pro-slavery Democrats and Copperheads. They couldn't force labor in the way they were previously able to. The Fourteenth Amendment signaled the federal governments willingness to enforce the Bill of Rights over the authority of the states. Black peoples desires to marry fit the governments goal to make free Black men responsible for their own households and to prevent Black women and children from becoming dependent on the government. Soon the Bureau and the federal government would recognize that they could not accomplish a fraction of what they set out to do, including keeping African Americans safe and free in the South. Yet, with its most revolutionary aims thwarted by 1868, and economic depression and political turmoil taking even its most modest promises off the table by the early 1870s, most of the promises of Reconstruction were unmet. War-weary from a decade of military and political strife, so-called Stalwart Republicans turned from the idealism of civil rights to the practicality of economics and party politics. This excerpt from her diary explains her experiences during this time.. didn't have much of an impact in the short term, these The last ember of hope for land redistribution was extinguished when Thaddeus Stevens and Charles Sumners proposed land reform bills were tabled in Congress. African Americans gained citizenship rights like the ability to serve on juries as a result of the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and the Fourteenth Amendment. WebThe Reconstruction Acts of 1867 split the states of the former Confederacy into five military districts and specified how new governmentsbased on manhood suffrage without In reality, how different were definitions of freedom, citizenship, and democracy before and after Reconstruction? in the United States and specifically prevented states from infringing upon After the Fifteenth Amendment ignored sex as an unlawful barrier to suffrage, an omission that appalled Stanton, the AERA officially dissolved. However, this provoked a violent backlash from whites who did not want to relinquish supremacy. Black representatives repeatedly articulated this concern in state constitutional conventions early in the Reconstruction era. In the South, where many farms were capitalized entirely through loans, sources of credit vanished, many landowners defaulted, and farmers entered an already oversaturated labor market. The violence committed by organized vigilante groups, sometimes called nightriders or bushwhackers, was more often premeditated. But southern white men were almost never prosecuted for violence against Black victims. Still steeped in the violence of slavery, white southerners could scarcely imagine Black free labor. By 1870 all the former Confederate states had been readmitted to the Union, and nearly all were controlled by the Republican Party. Reconstruction was a success in that it restored the United States as a unified nation: by 1877, all of the former Confederate states had drafted new constitutions, acknowledged the Thirteenth, Fourteenth, and Fifteenth Amendments, and pledged their loyalty to the U.S. government. redefined the terms of American democracy. Many Republicans were keen to grant voting rights for freedmen in order to build a new powerful voting bloc. As Booker T. Washington famously described the situation, it was a whole race trying to go to school. Most African American officeholders, however, gained their freedom during the war. . They developed anti-racist politics and organizational skills through antislavery organizations turned church associations. Economic Development during the Civil War and Reconstruction, Barbara Jordan On the Impeachment of Richard Nixon (1974), How the Other Half Lived: Photographs of Jacob Riis, National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=false&doc=40&page=transcript, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=72360, https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/ampage?collId=llsl&fileName=014/llsl014.db&recNum=58, https://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/pdf/WomensLoyalNationalLeague.pdf, Franke, Katherine M. Becoming a Citizen: Reconstruction Era Regulation of African American Marriages., The House Joint Resolution proposing the 13th amendment to the Constitution, January 31, 1865; Enrolled Acts and Resolutions of Congress, 1789-1999; General Records of the United States Government; Record Group 11; National Archives.. naturalized in the United States in 1868, and the 15th Amendment, which gave black men the WebWhat happened in the South after Reconstruction ended? Groups like the Union League, militias, and fraternal organizations all used the regalia, ritual, and even hymns of churches to inform and shape their practice. In the meantime, Johnson hoped that a new class of southerners would replace the extremely wealthy in leadership positions. *The American Yawp is an evolving, collaborative text. The Depression of 1873 crushed the nations already suffering laboring class and destroyed whatever remaining idealism northerners had about Reconstruction. These laws granted some rights to African Americans, like the right to own property, to marry, or to make contracts. The Court said a law could require "separate" facilities, so long as they were "equal." Sharecroppers were farmers who rented land and paid a share of each year's crop as rent; they did not own the Section One granted citizenship and repealed the Taney Courts infamous Dred Scott (1857) decision. Southern women celebrated the return of their brothers, husbands, and sons, but couples separated for many years struggled to adjust. WebWhat happened to freedmen after reconstruction came to an end? Others had helped enslaved people escape or taught them to read, like Georgias James D. Porter. Increasingly, the new Southern governments looked to Washington, D.C., for assistance. White supremacist organizations that committed terrorist acts, such as the Ku Klux Klan, targeted local Republican leaders for beatings or assassination. Instead, most black farmers Joseph E. Baker, The Rail Splitter at Work Repairing the Union, 1865.Library of Congress. Many political leaders and officeholders were ministers. In January 1874, over 7,000 protesters congregated in New York Citys Tompkins Square to insist the government make job creation a priority. South Carolina and Mississippi passed laws known as Black Codes to regulate Black behavior and impose social and economic control. Andrew Johnson, Proclamation 179Granting Full Pardon and Amnesty for the Offense of Treason Against the United States During the Late Civil War, December 25, 1868. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". This was not to say that Republican policy worked for everyone. than 2,000 African Americans held public office, . Reconstruction After the Civil War As a Union victory became more of certainty, Americas struggle with Reconstruction began before the end of the Civil War. What happened in the South after the Reconstruction era ended? Southern, rural Black churches preferred worship services with more emphasis on inspired preaching, while Black urban northerners favored more orderly worship and an educated ministry.