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34. For a very long time, in fact. 27. 23. HISTORY United States: world's fourth largest country in terms of area #1: Russia #2: Canada #3: China migration: the movement of people within a country or region . [Pdf] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/04014391/. At its establishment in 1834, Indian Territory extended from the top of present-day Texas to the Canadian border and from the Mississippi to the Rockies. 8. Pdf. of 1783 following military victory, Purchased from France Consider Williamss Empire as a Way of Life , a 226-page survey of U.S. imperial ambitions that engages in no substantive discussion of any overseas territory. Palins husband, an Alaska Native, was for years a registered member of the Alaska Independence Party. Imperialism, 19151940 (Chapel Hill, NC, 2001); Laura Briggs, Reproducing Empire: Race, Sex, Science, and U.S. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. As it gained power, it shed territory. All rights reserved. 31 Over the course of the war, Japan attacked every inhabited Pacific colony that the United States held, and it occupied the Philippines, Guam, Wake, and part of Alaska. Many of the most important books have been edited collections: Amy Kaplan and Donald Pease, eds., Cultures of United States Imperialism (Durham, NC, 1993); Frances Negrn-Muntaner and Ramn Grosfoguel, eds., Puerto Rico Jam: Rethinking Colonialism and Nationalism (Minneapolis, MN, 1997); Julian Go and Anne L. Foster, eds., The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives (Durham, NC, 2003); Catherine Lutz, ed., The Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle against U.S. Military Posts (New York, 2009); Alfred W. McCoy and Francisco A. Scarano, eds., Colonial Crucible: Empire in the Making of the Modern American State (Madison, WI, 2009); and Alyosha Goldstein, ed., Formations of United States Colonialism (Durham, NC, 2014). Hello, endstream On U.S. military calculations in the reconquest of the Philippines, see Richard Connaughton, John Pimlott, and Duncan Anderson, The Battle for Manila (London, 1995). The matter of the date, December 7, 1941, emblazoned into national memory by Franklin Delano Roosevelts Day of Infamy speech, is somewhat misleading on this score. Please see attached document for assignments needed. Earl S. Pomeroy, Pacific Outpost: American Strategy in Guam and Micronesia (Stanford,CA, 1951). ",#(7),01444'9=82. Erez Manela, The Wilsonian Moment: Self-Determination and the International Origins of Anticolonial Nationalism (Oxford, 2007). Well before all of the continental territories became states, the United States embarked on a second phase of territorial history: overseas territories. Kate Zernike, A Palin Joined Alaskan Third Party, Just Not Sarah Palin, New York Times , September 3, 2008. It was entitled Greater United States. 19. self-governing commonwealth of the United States, Annexed following Spanish-America War; in 1950 became Andrene Everson (New York, 2007), 131. Mexican Cession. CLASS Discussion Board 5: The Ballad of Gregorio Cortez 41. Search for other works by this author on: The Author 2016. 28. Boston, Small, Maynard & company, 1904. We typically say that the end of the war left the United States in a global position of economic and political supremacy. J. Edgar Hoover to Harry Hopkins, July 17, 1943, FBIPR Files, Pedro Albizu Campos, FBI File No. following military victory; independent in 1946, Annexed following military victory over Spain, Annexed in settlement with Britain For too long, historians, like cartographers, have accepted the logic of the Insular Cases . The promotion of Hawaii and Alaska to statehood can be seen as part of the global decolonization movement. 4 0 obj 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Empire, Militarization, and Suburbanization and the Marshall Islands, 19441986 (Ph.D. "The United States have always protested against the doctrine of international law which permits the subjugation of the weak by the strong. Most U.S. historians, especially when working on the zoomed-out, textbook level, implicitly take as their unit of analysis only a part of the United States, the contiguous part. 7. The historical literature on bases is growing quickly, with an especially tight focus on the tense relationships between bases and their surrounding areas. Still, empire continues to guide our inquiries. 2. . Not in the sense of endorsing the Courts opinion, but in adhering to the Courts understanding about what parts of the United States are in the country and what parts arent. Despite a great deal of research that has been donewithin American Studies departments, within history departmentscolonized people and overseas territories still rarely feature in broad narratives about the United States. John W. Griggs in The Insular Cases, Comprising the Records, Briefs, and Arguments of Counsel in the Insular Cases of the October Term, 1900, in the Supreme Court of the United States (Washington, DC, 1901), 363. Bouda Etemad, Possessing the World: Taking the Measurements of Colonisation from the Eighteenth to the Twentieth Century , trans. Zone in Austria (2,650): John D. Hilldring, American Policy in Occupied Areas (Washington, DC: 1947), 24; U.S. This can be most clearly seen in the realm of the law. Value of merger and acquisition deals in the United States from 2006 to 3rd quarter 2022 (in billion U.S. dollars) Premium Statistic Number of M&A deals in the U.S. 2000-2021 That narrative, I would argue, only makes sense if you dont count the colonies as parts of the United States. Diplomatic History used to be like that. Oregon Territory. We can see, better than we could before, how the territorial extensions of the United States matter today, and how they have mattered in the past. chemical weapon disposal site, Purchased from Russia Relief shown by hachures. 1853. Some constitutional aspects of territorial expansion. sovereign, self-governing republic, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a ed. The mission of the historical office is to collect, preserve, and present the history of the Office of . First attempt to open the Mississippi LC Civil War maps (2nd ed. Profile of the Erie Canal, notes, and illustration in lower margin. America Acquires Alaska Secretary of State William Seward arranged for the purchase of Alaska from Russia Showed U. S. Imperialism Also made it clear to the rest of the world that the U. S. was becoming a world power. But that assumption is becoming increasingly hard to hold. The country claimed 94 such islands, nearly all in the Caribbean and Pacific, by 1903. Anthony Rawlings (New York, 1971); Benjamn Torres, Marisa Rosado and Jos Manuel Torres Santiago, eds., Imagen de Pedro Albizu Campos (San Juan, 1973); Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos ; Laura Meneses de Albizu Campos, Albizu Campos y la Independencia de Puerto Rico (San Juan, 2007); and Nelson A. Denis, War against All Puerto Ricans: Revolution and Terror in Americas Colony (New York, 2015). In that decade, his followers bombed numerous federal buildings (including the governors mansion) and assassinated Puerto Ricos chief of police. What we rarely acknowledge is how much territory the U.S. also held by the wars end. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, 1787-1904, an historical review, Names Bicknell, Edward. If this comes as news to you, youre in good company. ]d*d>&Pd,QMG{\T-8FFSI>rK}bbSh]Z")aqvTI*FI}jO~>(-lL%cd&ct2Pd{>t: 91 R5(LtT+3l1YZzDzL>X2LkR:&.iz>,!9)9s6G&f!))wGc/=-UHwkAx#qhO For a larger overview of the Philippines during the war, the places to start are Teodoro A. Agoncillo, The Fateful Years: Japans Adventure in the Philippines (Quezon City, 1965), 2 vols., and Richard Trota Jose, ed., World War II and the Japanese Occupation (Quezon City, 2006). In 1960, the non-state population including D.C. was 2.6% and it stayed between 1% and 3% thereafter. A very good overview of bases and other points within the network of U.S. postwar power projection is Ruth Oldenziel, Islands: The United States as a Networked Empire, in Gabrielle Hecht, ed., Entangled Geographies: Empire and Technopolitics in the Global Cold War (Cambridge, MA, 2011), 1342. 18 Its worth noting, though, that Bolton himself was shaped by the 1898 moment. In the rest of the theater, it occurred on December 8th. From what I see coming down the dissertation pipeline, were going to see a lot more. Jimmy M. Skaggs, The Great Guano Rush: Entrepreneurs and American Overseas Expansion (New York, 1994), 199. Gadsden Purchase. We are seeing within the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations (SHAFR) a surge of interest in the many spaces that the United States has controlled outside of its mainland. and Germany, Leased from Panama That was undoubtedly less than lived in the world-straddling British Empire, where there were roughly ten colonial subjects for every inhabitant of the British Isles. It is an extraordinary fact about the United States that its western territories became states, parts of the union on an equal footing with older states. 34 Manila, the sixth-largest city in the United States (substantially larger than Boston or Washington, D.C.), was decimated. Treaty of Paris Daniel Immerwahr, The Greater United States: Territory and Empire in U.S. History , Diplomatic History, Volume 40, Issue 3, June 2016, Pages 373391, https://doi.org/10.1093/dh/dhw009, March 1954 is a month diplomatic historians know well. stream o :E>vYs~;+&`]J(g(Ql)u Y!+wZ41Y@5 V5Q Z J&j8jkuJ?uFbccuc(d01 Ey?G78%@E^5p;MlCjRM1 a#j@#(#$5|IW:;&,-~P0m. United States Acquisitions and Annexations, 1857-1904 United States positions (with date of acquiunion) 1047 Spheres of Influence of the United States UNITED STATES 1898 1895 Ishorten L GUATEMAL CARAGUA Guam PANTALLA SOUTH AMERICA N Canal Fone Later L AUSTRALIA PACIFIC OCEAN IN 14 W 10 W IN W analyze this Document (notes) For a comparable historiographical concept, see Gary Wilders notion of Greater France in The Imperial Nation-State: Negritude and Colonialism Humanism between the Two World Wars (Chicago, IL, 2005). 8. 10 It is true that many of the currentinsular possessions of the United States are extraordinarily small (Wake Island: population 150; Swains Island: population 17). 5 (2015): 927-42, and the more familiar story of Indian reservations. It culminated in nationalists firing shots at the governors mansion in San Juan and in a very-nearly-successful assassination attempt on President Harry Truman in Washington, D.C. Reporter and political insider Drew Pearson cited the attempt on Trumans life as one of the reasons that Truman didnt run for re-election. Retrieved from the Library of Congress, . This was not a freak event. 45 But what we are learning is how important those small specks nevertheless are, as they act as staging grounds for precisely the kind of economic, military, and cultural interventions that the Wisconsin School emphasized. But to think of the United States as having an informal empire only would be to miss something important. commonwealth status as Federated States of The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. At the same time, the Greater United States expanded through occupationsthe Japanese, South Korean, German, and Austrian occupations all extended into the postwar period. The same builders who built the famous New York and Pennsylvania suburbs constructed a planned community in Puerto Rico. Interior, Leased from Panama for $10 million, plus $250,000 28 And the annexations continued: Alaska (1867), the 189899 acquisitions (Philippines, Guam, Puerto Rico, Hawaii, American Samoa), the Panama Canal Zone (1903), the Virgin Islands (1917), and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands (1947). The organization consisted of several groups of adventurers for hire that acted more or less independently under the company's charter. 3 Albizu founded Puerto Ricos Army of Liberation in the 1930s. Also available in digital form. To speak only of formal acquisitions, . 3 (1933): 44874. Research at least 6 tools in each category and, Please Follow All The Requirements Carefully And Upload On Time 4 33, Furthermore, the Japanese-occupied parts of the United States became a Pacific bloodlands. 40. In 1857, the United States began annexing guano islandsuninhabited islands possessing valuable fertilizer. Paul V. McNutt, address at Beta Theta Pi Fraternity, November 27, 1946; McNutt, P.V., Correspondence and Speeches, 194546 folder, box 7, Office of the High Commissioner of the Philippine Islands, Records of the Washington, DC, Office, 194246, Records of the Office of Territories, Record Group 126, National Archives and Records Administration. 24 Today, we can add another major form of territorial extension to the story: overseas military bases. I am here counting Washington, D.C., among the states, even though it is a district, not a state, and lacks the full rights that states have. Hi Cover-title. Calculated from figures in Franklin K. Van Zandt, Boundaries of the United States and the Several States (Washington, DC, 1966), 26264 and Thomas Donaldson, The Public Domain: Its History, with Statistics (Washington, DC, 1884), 8788. The most thorough account of Hawaiian martial law is Harry N. Scheiber and Jane L. Scheiber, Bayonets in Paradise: A Half-Century Retrospect on Martial Law in Hawaii, 19411946, University of Hawaii Law Review 19 (1997): 477648. After all, many groups have contested U.S. rule, from Southern confederates to black nationalists. They are maintained, not through informal influence, but through legal agreements, formal incursions onto the sovereignty of host nations. The United States continued to hold colonies after World War II, hence the Puerto Rican Uprising of 1950 and House shooting of 1954. 1856; under the jurisdiction of the U.S. See, for example, James C. Fernald, The Imperial Republic (New York, 1899); Alpheus H. Snow, The Administration of Dependencies: A Study of the Evolution of the Federal Empire, with Special Reference to American Colonial Problems (New York, 1902); and Willis Fletcher Johnson, A Century of Expansion (New York, 1903). The threewestern territories, overseas territories, and foreign basesfit together in overlapping but chronologically distinct arcs. Yet Williamss school regarded 1898 as symptomatic rather than substantive: the small and visible tip of a much larger imperial iceberg. The territorial acquisitions of the United States, -1904, an historical review. 41. The premier biography of Albizu is Marisa Rosado, Pedro Albizu Campos: Las Llamas de la Aurora , 2nd ed. Only in Hawaii, Midway, and Howland did the vagaries of the international date line place the attack on December 7th. Can we say the same about the overseas territories? annually; ceded to Panama in 1999, Purchased from Denmark for $25 million; currently an <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 720 540] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> But historians have come to understand African-American history as central to U.S. history. 11. Swains Island was annexed in 1925 (occupied since 1856), . Fish and Wildlife Service, Purchased from Spain for $20 millon following 11 and 29; and William E. Unrau, The Rise and Fall of Indian Country, 18251855 (Lawrence, KS, 2007). They had even more people in the past. The most thorough discussion of anti-basing protests and their effects on the World War II basing network is Rebecca Herman Weber, In Defense of Sovereignty: Labor, Crime, Sex and Nation at U.S. Military Bases in Latin America, 19401947 (Ph.D. In 1898, the rush of imperial expansion encouraged a new understanding of the United States as the Greater United States. 39. Neil Smith, American Empire: Roosevelts Geographer and the Prelude to Globalization (Berkeley, CA, 2003), 16. U.S. overseas territories listed by the 1940 census. 12. To speak only of formal acquisitions, explained Thomas McCormick, was just an intellectual game that the previous generation of historians had played to avoid confronting the centrality of American expansion to U.S. history. 7 Once one looked beyond colonies to the informal empire, the expansive force of the United States became apparent. The Hart-Bolton map, published in 1917, was one of the last such maps to appear. 19. Palin herself twice attended Alaska Independence Party conventions. $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of state.gov. United States Acquisitions and Annexations 1857-1904. Treaty of Paris of 1783 following American As the 1898 generation saw, a full history of the Greater United States is not just the story of overseas territories, but also of western ones. McCormick, interview with James G. Morgan, quoted in Morgans Into New Territory: American Historians and the Concept of US Imperialism (Madison, WI, 2014), 76. For a fuller picture of how colonial encounters might change larger narratives of U.S. history, consider the Second World War. self-governing U.S. commomwealth, United Nations Trust Territory; 1986 became a 2 0 obj More about Copyright and other Restrictions. jurisdiction of Office of Insular Affairs of the Department of the But they are not the whole of it. Herbert E. Bolton, The Epic of Greater America, American Historical Review 38, no. The writers who used these terms were, by and large, champions of empire. (Santo Domingo, 1998). The more states followed Virginias lead, the larger the non-state territory grew. diss., University of Michigan, 2011); Peter Bacon Hales on atomic testing on the Bikini atoll in Outside the Gates of Eden: The Dream of America from Hiroshima to Now (Chicago, IL, 2014), ch. The revolt touched eight cities. It also added to its colonial holdings in 1947 with the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands: technically a trusteeship administered by the United States on behalf of the United Nations, but held under a unique arrangement that allowed the UN almost no effective oversight. Annexation is an unilateral act where territory is seized and held by one state, is distinct from conquest and differs from cession, in which territory is given or sold through treaty. A detailed account, based on interviews with two of the shooters, is Manuel Roig-Franzia, A Terrorist in the House, Washington Post , February 22, 2004. The Jackson administration proposed carving out a large portion of Indian Territory for eventual admission to the union as an all-Indian state. stream The map shows the thirteen original states and the territories acquired in 1783, the Louisiana Purchase from France in 1803, Florida purchased from Spain in 1819, the Texas annexation in 1845, the Oregon Country acquired by the treaty with Great Britain in 1846, the Mexican cession of western territories in . The question of territory was there from the start. (To annex is to join a new territory to an existing country.) As one of the justices summarized the logic, the Constitution was the supreme law of the land, but the territories were not part of the land. 20, The result of all thisthe erasure of the colonies from the map, the references to the Greater United States growing scarce, the Courts expulsion of the territories from the landwas the reassertion of an understanding of the United States as a nation-state. More recent work that explores the subordinated status of western territories includes Earl S. Pomeroy, The Territories and the United States, 18611890: Studies in Colonial Administration (Philadelphia, PA, 1947); Whitney T. Perkins, Denial of Empire: The United States and Its Dependencies (Leyden, 1962); Jack Ericson Eblen, The First and Second United States Empires: Governors and Territorial Government, 17841912 (Pittsburgh, PA, 1968); Andrew R. L. Cayton, The Frontier Republic: Ideology and Politics in the Ohio Country, 17801825 (Kent, OH, 1986); Peter S. Onuf, Statehood and Union: A History of the Northwest Ordinance (Bloomington, IN, 1987); Peter J. Kastor, The Nations Crucible: The Louisiana Purchase and the Creation of America (New Haven, CT, 2004); Gary Lawson and Guy Seidman, The Constitution of Empire: Territorial Expansion and American Legal History (New Haven, CT, 2004); Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow, eds., The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 18031898 (Lanham, MD, 2005); and Go, Patterns of Empire . The final map in the series showed the United States full territorial extent. (William B.) Writers, too, registered the change, as they cast about for new ways to refer to the country. Has the organization manage. The United States of America : including all its newly acquired territory. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com. United States--History, - The story of western expansion is, of course, well known. Title from title sheet. For guidance about compiling full citations consult Citing Primary Sources. It would be hard to disagree with the Wisconsin-School assertion that U.S. global power rests on foundations other than territorial control. In World War I, inspired by Wilsonian rhetoric of self-determination, Albizu served as a First Lieutenant in the U.S. Army. "Copyright by the National Publishing Company, Boston, Mass." can i please get some help with this :) Between 1857 and 1903, the United States acquired many new territorial possessions around the globe. The country had claimed scattered military bases before, but in 1945, the United States possessed some 30,000 military installations on 2,000 base sites. 22. The books in this collection are in the public domain and are free to use and reuse. Map of A map of the United States showing the growth of the nation from 1783 to1853. The reason for Oklahomas long period of territorial subjugation is that, for the majority of the nineteenth century, it wasnt Oklahoma but Indian Territory, a legally defined but unorganized all-Indian territory within the United States. following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims, Unincorporated territory claimed under Guano Act of 1856, Unincorporated territory annexed under Guano Act of 1856; This was a war, not over latitudes but points, in which particular spots on the mapthe Green Zone in Iraq, black-site prisons sprinkled throughout foreign countries, Guam, Guantnamo Bay, the all-important military base of Diego Garciatook on outsize significance. 1846. Leadership Task 2 On Hawaiian statehood in this regard, see Sarah Miller-Davenport, State of the New: Hawaii Statehood and Global Decolonization in American Culture, 19451978 (Ph.D. 286,541. By 1791, when all of the Atlantic states except Georgia had given up their pretentions that their borders stretched to the western edge of the country, the states covered only slightly more than half (55%) of the United States. There is a K-8 school named after him in Harlem: P.S. Despite his extraordinary career, Albizu doesnt have much of a place in U.S. historiography. Soo Sung Cho, Korea in World Politics, 19401950: An Evaluation of American Responsibility (Berkeley, CA, 1967), 23, 34. A helpful overview of the significance of the colonies for the mainland is Alfred W. McCoy, Francisco A. Scarano, and Courtney Johnson, On the Tropic of Cancer: Transitions and Transformations in the U.S. Imperial State, in McCoy and Scarano, Colonial Crucible , 333. ^ a b c d e f g h i j World Atlas. 44, The United States has shifted away from the large land annexations of the nineteenth century to an empire consisting largely of islands and overseas bases: a pointillist empire. Once again, the Greater United States is coming into view. Available also through the Library of Congress Web site as a raster image. On average, places that began as territories on the continent took forty-five years to achieve statehood. 2; Rebecca Lemov on Micronesia as a social scientific laboratory in World as Laboratory: Experiments with Mice, Mazes, and Men (New York, 2005), ch. It languished as a territory for 104 years between annexation and statehood. James R. Blaker, United States Overseas Basing: An Anatomy of the Dilemma (New York, 1990), 33. But that fact can overshadow the territorial purgatory that future states occupied for long periods. Pdf. endobj 15. William Appleman Williams, The Tragedy of American Diplomacy (Cleveland, OH, 1959). It would be easy to round those points down to zero, just as it has been easy to round the western territories up to states. 23 In the past decade, Diplomatic History has dramatically increased its publishing on the Philippines, with an article every two or three years. The Oregon Treaty with Great Britain. In the 1840s and 1850s, US leaders saw Cuba's strategic importance Annexation by the United States Read . Purchase from Mexico following military victory; $15 million plus 3.25 million in assumed claims. 1 0 obj The profession of liberty (the eagle), the reality of domination (the grasping talons)both parts are important to the notion of informal empire. Six thousand American troops participated in the British occupation of Havana in 1762-3, but the island was exchanged for Florida at the peace treaty of 1763. : The Evolution of Territoriality in American Law (Oxford, 2009); and Gerald L. Neuman and Tomiko Brown-Nagin, eds., Reconsidering the Insular Cases: The Past and Future of American Empire (Cambridge, MA, 2015). Despite the obvious relevance of territorial issues to the most important events of the nineteenth centuryit was the question of slavery in the territories that sparked the Civil Warwe nevertheless find it easy to conceive of territories as embryonic states, and thus to touch only lightly on their subjugated status. assumed claims, Purchased from Spain for $5 million in assumed claims organized, unincorporated U.S. territory under jurisdiction of Office of The present historiographical preoccupation with U.S. empire is usually dated to 1959, the year that William Appleman Williamss The Tragedy of American Diplomacy was published. But I do not think that is reason for U.S. historians to exclude the territories from their analyses and stick to the mainland. 43. And for the U.S. nationals who inhabited those colonies, it was a traumatic affair. That is, for perspective, substantially longer than the French possessed Indochina or than King Leopold and Belgium held the Congo. United States territorial acquisitions table, Last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11, Territorial evolution of the United States, Learn how and when to remove this template message, territorial acquisitions of the United States, "Milestones: 18011829 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18301860 Office of the Historian", "Milestones: 18661898 Office of the Historian", "Territorial Acquisitions of the United States", "Why the United States Controls Guantanamo Bay", http://www.waterislandhistory.com/militaryhistory.html, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_States_territorial_acquisitions_table&oldid=1140692169, This page was last edited on 21 February 2023, at 08:11. Includes note, list to poplulation by states, and a bar graph showing the National Publishing Company (Boston, Mass.). The highest office in the U.S. Army is chief of staff, established in 1903. The Greater United States is not my term. uninhabited; National Wildlife Refuge, United Nations Trust Territory; in 1986 became a 9. 14. ch. Following are the historical territorial acquisitions of the United States : For information on internal territorial acquisitions, see List of U.S.-Native American treaties . DOCUMENT 3 "Article I: The Government of Cuba shall never enter into any treaty or other compact with any .