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It is a branch of metaphysics which answers the questions based on what is. with unfamiliar individuals (Saunders et al., 2016, 271). Inayatullah, S. (2008). (2012), research philosophy is about development of knowledge in a particular field of study. Similarly, quantitative data such as business records and financial information were . Data Collection Methods: Sampling, Secondary Data, Observation, Questionnairre. It is one of the finest and economical research strategy. Social research methods (5th ed.). This means that being a researcher you can collect data through both quantitative and qualitative data. In terms of researching the future in an open-system, contemporary futures studies have changed the research perspective from prediction to trend analysis, possibilities and scenario construction (Patomaki, 2006), and moved from forecast or prediction towards foresight possible, preferable future analysis and designing the future. According to Paavola, Hakkarainen and Sintonen (2006) abductive reasoning is a form of inference, starting with observation of clue-like signs, which provide the basic notion for further research. In the third step, the research strategy is adopted, and the fourth layer identifies the time horizon. Kuosa (2011) also argues that one of the most significant errors in contemporary futures studies is the demand to control or exactly predict the future, because future as an entity is changeable and unpredictable. This research was based on interpretivism philosophy, interpretivism encourages, that as researchers, we, must consider social processes from the point of view of the subject who are being studied which, is the kind of perspective from individuals being studied. The following sections follow the structure suggested by Saunders et al. The decision to adopt the pragmatist research philosophy was based on the rationale that CSR cannot be seen as a . Futures, 41(3), 126-139. Research methodology is an integral part of a dissertation or thesis which helps to ensure the consistency between chosen tools, techniques and underlying philosophy. List (2005) distinguishes two main types of research methods in futures studies quantitative and qualitative. Politics, 8(2), 346-355. Ruse, M. (1982). The future is real, although not manifested yet, it consists of multiple possibilities and actualizes through transformative events, therefore the future can be influenced (at least to some extent) by participating actors. Peeling the layers of onion from the outer side, one after another eventually leads to its core. This kind of realities is not dependant on human views or thoughts of any individual (social actor). Within the past few decades futures studies have developed into a scientific approach. According to Poli (2011) the core difference in understanding the future was the concept of multiple possibilities where disposition is referred to as a fact, that can actualize in future under certain circumstances. Still unclear? Prediction, being a natural extension of explanation, is used to describe how the law indicates future events. Although they are similar but still have their differences. From a historical point of view there may be distinguished two classical or mainstream positivist and interpretivist, and two rather recent pragmatist and critical realist,mpositions of scientific research philosophy (Mingers, 2006; Molis, 2008; Saunders et al., 2016). Research Methods for Business Students. Although this may be seen as the point at which new theories are generated, it is also true that as the data is analyzed that it may be found to fit into an existing theory (Bryman & Bell, 2011). Futures, 33, 371-377. It illustrates the stages that must be covered when developing a research strategy.When viewed from the outside, each layer of the onion describes a more detailed stage of the research process (Saunders et al., 2007). Kosow and Ganer (2008), Puglisi (2001) besides quantitative and qualitative distinguish explorative and normative groups of research methods. has been cited by the following article: TITLE: Factors Influencing Credit Decision for Lending SMEs: A Case Study on National Bank of Egypt A longitudinal time horizon for data collection refers to the collection of data repeatedly over an extended period, and is used where an important factor for the research is examining change over time (Goddard & Melville, 2004). The data gathered helps to confirm or reject the question, the process can be repeated. A. Research Aims, Objectives & Questions: Explained Simply (+ Examples), Qualitative Content Analysis: Explained Simply (with examples), The 4 Levels Of Measurement Explained: Nominal, Ordinal, Interval and Ratio. This information A systematic review of research methods and topics of the empirical MOOC literature (2014-2016). Treasure Trove: ICSE SHORT STORIES and POEMS, How to write an essay for a STUDY ABROAD program, Academic writing tips for project, dissertation research work, Differences: Thesis, Dissertation, and Research Paper, Research Philosophy: Positivism, Interpretivism, Realism, Research Approaches: Deductive, Inductive, Research Strategies: Experiment, Survey, Case Study, Grounded Theory, Ethnography, Observation, Action Research. The main body research created through positivism can be replicated with similar quantifiable outcomes which comes from statistical analysis. Pragmatism uses theories to identify a solution of a given issue. Towards an Explicit Research Methodology: Adapting Research Onion Model for Futures Studies, Disrupting Identity: Applying CLA to the Ongoing Digitization of the Self, Call for Papers The Future of Futures Thinking in Design Education, Futures and The Power of Imagination for Transformation, Industrias creativas | Implicacin sobresaliente: derechos de autor en Mxico, The Internet, Epistemological Crisis And The Realities Of The Future, Virtual Symposium on Reimagining Politics After the Election of Trump, Futures Studies for High School in Taiwan, Exploring Images of Women Cyclists' Futures Using the Futures Triangle, Environmentalism in Transition? Surveys can also be sent on e-mail or over the internet. Is saunders research onion making you curious? While passing through all the stages there is one thing which needs your focus. From: Research Methods for Business Students, (p.124), by Mark Saunders, Philip Lewis and Adrian Thornhill, 2016, England, Pearson Education Limited. There are a number of elements which represents ontology or inventory around us. The research onion for futures studies, however, does not aim to become the one and the only approach for developing the research design, on the contrary it aims to bring the general notion on the use of existing methodologies and approaches developed within the field of futures studies and serve as a guide for futures studies researchers and practitioners. 55) ISBN: 978-1-83909-110-0, eISBN: 978-1-83909-107-. Combining qualitative and quantitative research within mixed method research designs: a methodological review. . Research Strategies: It is the third layer in the given above research onion as given by Saunders et al (2007). In this stance, the newly adopted methods of research add to true knowledge. Slaughter, R. A. It selection completely depends on the earlier research aims, personal opinions, limitations, choices etc. There are some different research strategies that can be utilized for the present research on performance evaluation of virtualization . Tamsui, Taiwan: Tamkang Uni- versity. Adaption of future techniques creates a possibility to confuse the analogy with causal relationship, thus finding nonexistent causal relationship between variables (Molis, 2008). Ramos, J. M. (2002). will be determining and examining the impact of COVID 19 on tourism industry in Malaysia. In order to address the matter of scientific basis of futures studies, it is important to highlight the basic techniques of the research first. Please use the links below for donations: Therefore, external researchers have, An internal researcher planning to undertake a, An internal researcher may use existing contacts to gain, organization. In this approach, there is no framework that initially informs the data collection and the research focus can thus be formed after the data has been collected (Flick, 2011). Primary data is a direct data, it is obtained directly from the source. Distinct methods create a theoretical basis for studying the future, however methodological uncertainty and chaotic nature of modern social reality does not add to the coherence of futures studies. Slimming World Satay Noodles, So, make sure you dont ignore any layer no matter what comes in your way. Experimental research refers to the strategy of creating a research process that examines the results of an experiment against the expected results. You should measure every possibility to make a logical decision. Although it is feasible to peel the Research Onion from the inner layers to the outer layers (Sahay, 2016), the simplest approach is to start with the outer layer, and then to move inwards (Saunders et al., 2011). The strategy can include a number of different approaches, such as experimental research, action research, case study research, interviews, surveys, or a systematic literature review. Futures Studies: theories and methods. Realising Systems Thinking: Knowledge and Action in Management Science. There, 0% found this document useful, Mark this document as useful, 0% found this document not useful, Mark this document as not useful, Save Research Methods (Based on Saunders Et Al. "research onion", developed by Saunders, Lewis and Thornhill (2016) for business studies is widely used in social sciences for construction of theoretical framework of the research. Now, lets move to know how the concept of research onion can help you in drafting a better research methodology. Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, N. P. (2012). Case study research is the assessment of a single unit in order to establish its key features and draw generalizations (Bryman, 2012). (2012). It differentiates the impact of social phenomena of different people. Research Onion is a model developed by Saunders. Master of Science in Marketing 2016 (Digital Media Stream) 1 Declaration I, Leticia Farias Nishida, declare that this research is my original work and that it has never been presented to any institution or university for the award of Degree or Diploma. This dualism shapes the preconditions for the definition of future as such the division and categorizing of feelings, perceptions and responses within time continuum enables men to experience the movement of the events in time, thus distinguish between before, now and after or the past, present and the future. The General Jonas emaitis Military Academy of Lithuania Department of Political Science, https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3940-4320 E-mail: a.melnikovas@gmail.com. In order to develop a coherent futures research design it is crucial to identify the logical steps which would link epistemological and ontological assumptions with research methods and ways to interpret the findings.